PHP Manual: Reflection

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Reflection

Introduction

PHP 5 comes with a complete reflection API that adds the ability to reverse-engineer classes, interfaces, functions and methods as well as extensions. Additionally, the reflection API also offers ways of retrieving doc comments for functions, classes and methods.

The reflection API is an object-oriented extension to the Zend Engine, consisting of the following classes:


<?php
class Reflection { }
interface Reflector { }
class ReflectionException extends Exception { }
class ReflectionFunction extends ReflectionFunctionAbstract implements Reflector { }
class ReflectionParameter implements Reflector { }
class ReflectionMethod extends ReflectionFunctionAbstract implements Reflector { }
class ReflectionClass implements Reflector { }
class ReflectionObject extends ReflectionClass { }
class ReflectionProperty implements Reflector { }
class ReflectionExtension implements Reflector { }
?>

Note: For details on these classes, have a look at the next chapters.

If we were to execute the code in the example below:

Example 19-33. Basic usage of the reflection API


<?php
Reflection::export(new ReflectionClass('Exception'));
?>

The above example will output:

Class [ <internal> class Exception ] {

  - Constants [0] {
  }

  - Static properties [0] {
  }

  - Static methods [0] {
  }

  - Properties [6] {
    Property [ <default> protected $message ]
    Property [ <default> private $string ]
    Property [ <default> protected $code ]
    Property [ <default> protected $file ]
    Property [ <default> protected $line ]
    Property [ <default> private $trace ]
  }

  - Methods [9] {
    Method [ <internal> final private method __clone ] {
    }

    Method [ <internal> <ctor> public method __construct ] {

      - Parameters [2] {
        Parameter #0 [ <required> $message ]
        Parameter #1 [ <required> $code ]
      }
    }

    Method [ <internal> final public method getMessage ] {
    }

    Method [ <internal> final public method getCode ] {
    }

    Method [ <internal> final public method getFile ] {
    }

    Method [ <internal> final public method getLine ] {
    }

    Method [ <internal> final public method getTrace ] {
    }

    Method [ <internal> final public method getTraceAsString ] {
    }

    Method [ <internal> public method __toString ] {
    }
  }
}

ReflectionException

ReflectionException extends the standard Exception and is thrown by Reflection API. No specific methods or properties are introduced.

ReflectionFunction

The ReflectionFunction class lets you reverse-engineer functions.


<?php
class ReflectionFunction extends ReflectionFunctionAbstract implements Reflector
{
    final private __clone()
    public void __construct(string name)
    public string __toString()
    public static string export(string name, bool return)
    public string getName()
    public bool isInternal()
    public bool isUserDefined()
    public string getFileName()
    public int getStartLine()
    public int getEndLine()
    public string getDocComment()
    public array getStaticVariables()
    public mixed invoke(mixed args)
    public mixed invokeArgs(array args)
    public bool returnsReference()
    public ReflectionParameter[] getParameters()
    public int getNumberOfParameters()
    public int getNumberOfRequiredParameters()
}
?>

Note: getNumberOfParameters() and getNumberOfRequiredParameters() were added in PHP 5.0.3, while invokeArgs() was added in PHP 5.1.0.

To introspect a function, you will first have to create an instance of the ReflectionFunction class. You can then call any of the above methods on this instance.

Example 19-34. Using the ReflectionFunction class


<?php
/**
 * A simple counter
 *
 * @return    int
 */
function counter() 
{
    static $c = 0;
    return $c++;
}

// Create an instance of the Reflection_Function class
$func = new ReflectionFunction('counter');

// Print out basic information
printf(
    "===> The %s function '%s'\n".
    "     declared in %s\n".
    "     lines %d to %d\n",
    $func->isInternal() ? 'internal' : 'user-defined',
    $func->getName(),
    $func->getFileName(),
    $func->getStartLine(),
    $func->getEndline()
);

// Print documentation comment
printf("---> Documentation:\n %s\n", var_export($func->getDocComment(), 1));

// Print static variables if existant
if ($statics = $func->getStaticVariables())
{
    printf("---> Static variables: %s\n", var_export($statics, 1));
}

// Invoke the function
printf("---> Invokation results in: ");
var_dump($func->invoke());


// you may prefer to use the export() method
echo "\nReflectionFunction::export() results:\n";
echo ReflectionFunction::export('counter');
?>

Note: The method invoke() accepts a variable number of arguments which are passed to the function just as in call_user_func().

ReflectionParameter

The ReflectionParameter class retrieves information about a function's or method's parameters.


<?php
class ReflectionParameter implements Reflector
{
    final private __clone()
    public void __construct(string function, string parameter)
    public string __toString()
    public static string export(mixed function, mixed parameter, bool return)
    public string getName()
    public bool isPassedByReference()
    public ReflectionClass getDeclaringClass()
    public ReflectionClass getClass()
    public bool isArray()
    public bool allowsNull()
    public bool isPassedByReference()
    public bool isOptional()
    public bool isDefaultValueAvailable()
    public mixed getDefaultValue()
}
?>

Note: getDefaultValue(), isDefaultValueAvailable() and isOptional() were added in PHP 5.0.3, while isArray() was added in PHP 5.1.0.

To introspect function parameters, you will first have to create an instance of the ReflectionFunction or ReflectionMethod classes and then use their getParameters() method to retrieve an array of parameters.

Example 19-35. Using the ReflectionParameter class


<?php
function foo($a, $b, $c) { }
function bar(Exception $a, &$b, $c) { }
function baz(ReflectionFunction $a, $b = 1, $c = null) { }
function abc() { }

// Create an instance of Reflection_Function with the
// parameter given from the command line.    
$reflect = new ReflectionFunction($argv[1]);

echo $reflect;

foreach ($reflect->getParameters() as $i => $param) {
    printf(
        "-- Parameter #%d: %s {\n".
        "   Class: %s\n".
        "   Allows NULL: %s\n".
        "   Passed to by reference: %s\n".
        "   Is optional?: %s\n".
        "}\n",
        $i, 
        $param->getName(),
        var_export($param->getClass(), 1),
        var_export($param->allowsNull(), 1),
        var_export($param->isPassedByReference(), 1),
        $param->isOptional() ? 'yes' : 'no'
    );
}
?>

ReflectionClass

The ReflectionClass class lets you reverse-engineer classes.


<?php
class ReflectionClass implements Reflector
{
    final private __clone()
    public void __construct(string name)
    public string __toString()
    public static string export(mixed class, bool return)
    public string getName()
    public bool isInternal()
    public bool isUserDefined()
    public bool isInstantiable()
    public bool hasConstant(string name)
    public bool hasMethod(string name)
    public bool hasProperty(string name)
    public string getFileName()
    public int getStartLine()
    public int getEndLine()
    public string getDocComment()
    public ReflectionMethod getConstructor()
    public ReflectionMethod getMethod(string name)
    public ReflectionMethod[] getMethods()
    public ReflectionProperty getProperty(string name)
    public ReflectionProperty[] getProperties()
    public array getConstants()
    public mixed getConstant(string name)
    public ReflectionClass[] getInterfaces()
    public bool isInterface()
    public bool isAbstract()
    public bool isFinal()
    public int getModifiers()
    public bool isInstance(stdclass object)
    public stdclass newInstance(mixed args)
    public stdclass newInstanceArgs(array args)
    public ReflectionClass getParentClass()
    public bool isSubclassOf(ReflectionClass class)
    public array getStaticProperties()
    public mixed getStaticPropertyValue(string name [, mixed default])
    public void setStaticPropertyValue(string name, mixed value)
    public array getDefaultProperties()
    public bool isIterateable()
    public bool implementsInterface(string name)
    public ReflectionExtension getExtension()
    public string getExtensionName()
}
?>

Note: hasConstant(), hasMethod(), hasProperty(), getStaticPropertyValue() and setStaticPropertyValue() were added in PHP 5.1.0, while newInstanceArgs() was added in PHP 5.1.3.

To introspect a class, you will first have to create an instance of the ReflectionClass class. You can then call any of the above methods on this instance.

Example 19-36. Using the ReflectionClass class


<?php
interface Serializable
{
    // ...
}

class Object
{
    // ...
}

/**
 * A counter class
 */
class Counter extends Object implements Serializable 
{
    const START = 0;
    private static $c = Counter::START;

    /**
     * Invoke counter
     *
     * @access  public
     * @return  int
     */
    public function count() {
        return self::$c++;
    }
}

// Create an instance of the ReflectionClass class
$class = new ReflectionClass('Counter');

// Print out basic information
printf(
    "===> The %s%s%s %s '%s' [extends %s]\n" .
    "     declared in %s\n" .
    "     lines %d to %d\n" .
    "     having the modifiers %d [%s]\n",
        $class->isInternal() ? 'internal' : 'user-defined',
        $class->isAbstract() ? ' abstract' : '',
        $class->isFinal() ? ' final' : '',
        $class->isInterface() ? 'interface' : 'class',
        $class->getName(),
        var_export($class->getParentClass(), 1),
        $class->getFileName(),
        $class->getStartLine(),
        $class->getEndline(),
        $class->getModifiers(),
        implode(' ', Reflection::getModifierNames($class->getModifiers()))
);

// Print documentation comment
printf("---> Documentation:\n %s\n", var_export($class->getDocComment(), 1));

// Print which interfaces are implemented by this class
printf("---> Implements:\n %s\n", var_export($class->getInterfaces(), 1));

// Print class constants
printf("---> Constants: %s\n", var_export($class->getConstants(), 1));

// Print class properties
printf("---> Properties: %s\n", var_export($class->getProperties(), 1));

// Print class methods
printf("---> Methods: %s\n", var_export($class->getMethods(), 1));

// If this class is instantiable, create an instance
if ($class->isInstantiable()) {
    $counter = $class->newInstance();

    echo '---> $counter is instance? '; 
    echo $class->isInstance($counter) ? 'yes' : 'no';

    echo "\n---> new Object() is instance? ";
    echo $class->isInstance(new Object()) ? 'yes' : 'no';
}
?>

Note: The method newInstance() accepts a variable number of arguments which are passed to the function just as in call_user_func().

Note: $class = new ReflectionClass('Foo'); $class->isInstance($arg) is equivalent to $arg instanceof Foo or is_a($arg, 'Foo').

ReflectionObject

The ReflectionObject class lets you reverse-engineer objects.


<?php
class ReflectionObject extends ReflectionClass
{
    final private __clone()
    public void __construct(mixed object)
    public string __toString()
    public static string export(mixed object, bool return)
}
?>

ReflectionMethod

The ReflectionMethod class lets you reverse-engineer class methods.


<?php
class ReflectionMethod extends ReflectionFunctionAbstract implements Reflector
{
    public void __construct(mixed class, string name)
    public string __toString()
    public static string export(mixed class, string name, bool return)
    public mixed invoke(stdclass object, mixed args)
    public mixed invokeArgs(stdclass object, array args)
    public bool isFinal()
    public bool isAbstract()
    public bool isPublic()
    public bool isPrivate()
    public bool isProtected()
    public bool isStatic()
    public bool isConstructor()
    public bool isDestructor()
    public int getModifiers()
    public ReflectionClass getDeclaringClass()

    // Inherited from ReflectionFunction
    final private __clone()
    public string getName()
    public bool isInternal()
    public bool isUserDefined()
    public string getFileName